P-I-Z-Z-A!

Q: How is the pizza related to the earth and it's layers?

A: Pizza Crust: Earth's Mantle

    Sauce: lava

    Cheese: oceanic crust

    Toppings: land

WATER

US Populations, mid 1800

Of the cities that are listed, I am not familiar with Spring Garden, PA. I have heard of the rest of them. What i believe that these cities all have in common is that they are all located by some sort of water, whether it is a river, lake or ocean. All transportation was done by water.

Q: If you had $100 dollars, how would you distribute that money for the water on Earth?
A: I would guess:
     -Glaciers: $10
     -Oceans: $75
     -Rivers/Streams: $3
     What it really costs:
     -Oceans: $97.20
     -Glaciers: $2.15
     -Ground Water: $0.62
     -Fresh Water Lakes: $0.09

A Mineral is......

There are five things make up a mineral:
     1) has to be naturally occuring
     2) inorganic
     3) crystalline structure
     4) orderly internal structure
     5) definite chemical composition

The graph to the right is the eight most common elements on earth.

Bonds/Crystals

Q: What do elements form when they bond together?
A: COMPOUNDS! and more specific, crystals.
     There are two types of bonding: covalent and ionic.
     Covalent bonding occurs when electrons are shared between elements and ionic bonding occurs 
     when electrons are borrowed between elements.


Magic Salt Crystal Garden

Fossils

Q: What do you know about fossils?
A: I know that fossils help determine time. Some types of fossils are amber [crystallized tree sap], petrified wood, trace fossils, carbonized leaf fossils, molds and casts,and trilobites [fossilized poo]. These are the basics.

Below is fossilized bugs in amber:

Do you know the Geological Timeline?

Q: How are you coming along with the Geological Timeline?

A: Wellll..... So far I know:
              -Precambrian
              -Cambrian
              -Ordovician
And that's all I know.

What I plan on doing for memorizing the timeline is knowing a mnemonic device. "Please come over some day, maybe play poker. Two jacks cover two queens"
   -Precambrian  [Oldest]
   -Cambrian
   -Ordovician
   -Silurian
   -Devonian
   -Missippian
   -Pennsylvanian
   -Permian
   -Triassic
   -Jurassic
   -Cretocious
   -Tertiary
   -Quaternary   [Youngest]

Two days ago in class we made our own molds of fossils using sand, plaster and a shell. Today we get to dig out our shells.
Our mixtures included one with 25% plaster and 75% sand, another with 50% plaster and 50% sand and the third with 75% plaster and 25% sand. The easiest one to break the shell out of was the cup with 25% plaster and 75% sand but it was difficult to see the shell. The most difficult one to get the shell out of was the one with 75% plaster and 25% sand. The 50%/50% cup was the best sup even though it was difficult to get out [not as difficult as 75% plaster], it was clear the it was a shell.
Some strategies include putting the chuck of sand and plaster in a plastic bag and smashing it on the ground versus using scissors.

What Do You Think Geological Time Is?

When I think of time, I right away think about a clock on the wall and the minutes and seconds that pass by. But geological time is much much more than that. Yes, like a clock, geological time passes by, but what makes this different is that geological time starts from when Earth began. as soon as the Big Bang (the Big Bang is a theory) happened, the clock began and started counting the seconds, minutes, days and years that pass by. It is estimated that 4.5 BILLION years have past and that's just a guess based on the evidence that we have found. It could be even great but we are still unsure. The geological time was organized into a timeline and it explains the different eras very well.